Geology Questions. Sustainable development and resource management Essay

Geology Questions. Sustainable development and resource management - Essay Example Hubbert did not base his predication on feelings or emotions, he used a formula. He could prove what he was saying. It is looking like Hubbert was the only smart one that could face reality. 3. Many hydrothermal mineral deposits of copper, gold, silver, and other metals have been found in the countries bordering the Pacific Ocean. Can you offer an explanation for this remarkable concentration? If you were part of a team of exploration geologists looking for large copper deposits, where would you focus your search? Mineral deposits of copper, gold, silver, and other metals or ores are found in areas where the Earth’s crust has been pushed up or made by plate tectonics. Just like oil and coal are made by pressure in the earth. The ore is created by pressure in the crust. The Pacific Ocean has deep faults and plate tectonics pushing at the crust. For example, the earthquakes in California does not just cause destruction. It also causes ores to be created and pushed to the surface . If I was part of a team of exploration geologists looking for large copper deposits, I would look in plate eruptions on the ocean floor near magmatic arcs. 4. Given that we are now dependent on nonrenewable resources of energy and minerals, and that the world's population continues to increase, how do you think human societies will adjust in the future? Do we have a resource problem or a population problem (or both)? Human societies will have to learn to depend on renewable sources. If this is not possible, extinction would be a possibility. In order to survive humans will have to live off of renewable energy like wind, water, and other renewable sources. I do not believe humans will develop renewable resources until forced to.... Main questions of this article are: Oil production in the United States satisfies only half of the country's needs; the rest is imported. If imports were cut off, what changes would you expect to occur in your lifestyle? Investigate how geophysicist M. King Hubbert predicted in 1956 that annual U.S. oil production would peak in the early 1970s (the actual peak occurred in 1971). Also, investigate the debate over whether the same predictive technique can be applied to world oil supplies. When do you think world oil production will reach its peak—or has it done so already? Many hydrothermal mineral deposits of copper, gold, silver, and other metals have been found in the countries bordering the Pacific Ocean. Can you offer an explanation for this remarkable concentration? If you were part of a team of exploration geologists looking for large copper deposits, where would you focus your search? Given that we are now dependent on nonrenewable resources of energy and minerals, and that the world's population continues to increase, how do you think human societies will adjust in the future? Do we have a resource problem or a population problem (or both)? Some people think that sustainable development is not a useful concept, because it may be impossible to implement—or even to define—in the case of nonrenewable resources. Others think that it is an extremely important concept, if only because it makes us think about the needs of future generations in planning resource management. What do you think? Author gives all answers upon given questions.

History of Policing Essay Example for Free

History of Policing Essay The function of policing has played a considerable role in American history. The policing occupation has worked toward protecting citizens’ rights and helping America to become the free nation it is today. The United States of America is built from the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights, from this document we gather the rules of policing and make sure that every Americans rights are met. The evolutions of policing practices that officers have learned have changed American history for the better. As new problems in society arise, police must change and adapt to protect and serve the public. Early American policing strategies were based off of a similar British model. Law enforcement was not well organized or structured until 1200 A.D., after that time offenders were being pursued by an organized posse. In those times offenders were caught be the organized posse and were usually tortured and faced public execution. Rarely were the criminals or the accused of this time given the right to fair trail, and were not considered innocent until proven guilty like the laws we have today state, it was the other way around, where citizens that were accused of crimes were guilty before any evidence or testimony were ever provided. One of the earliest forms of policing came about in English cities and towns and were called night watches.(Schmalleger, 2009). The primary purpose of a night watch was to watch out for fires and thievery. There was also a day watch which basically was the same job as night watch, but in the day. Eventually this form of policing led to a written law being proposed in 1285 called the Statute of Winchester. This law created a watch and ward system that gave early watches a systems and structure to form themselves around. This law gave early English towns the policing practices and guidelines needed to produce a stable society, free of criminal activities, allowing the towns the type of policing that they needed to thrive. The Statute of Winchester law consisted of four main points, things that were specific to the watch of that town, the mandating of age eligible men to serve, institutionalizing the use of the hue and cry, and for answering the call of duty. Prior structuring and laws such as the Statue of Winchester propelled law enforcement into its future when prime minister of England Sir Robert Peel formed the world’s first modern police force. Peel’s model of new police became the model for police all across the globe. He formed the police with more of a military outline; giving uniforms for better origination and structure. Early American leaders followed the day and night watch approach, later American leaders followed Sir Robert Peel method, which is what American policing still utilize today. New technological advances and social reform for policing were brought about in the twentieth century. The invention of automobiles, telephones, and radios were developments of the twentieth century, which have helped police officers with their communications, speed of investigations and coordination of efforts. Automobiles allowed police a quick responds and allowed them to serve greater areas. Radios and telephones allowed for the communication and coordination of efforts between police officers. Teddy Roosevelt contributed his part of advancement of the policing system by organizing the FBI and helping to promote the first call box system, which is closely associated with the 911 system used today. The political era (1840s-1930) was an era that policing organizations were more concerned with the interest of powerful politicians rather than the rights and laws of the people. The next eras of policing came from 1930s-1970s where police became increasingly concerned with solving of more traditional style of crimes. The time from the 1970s to the end of the twentieth century is considered to be the third period of policing and the most contemporary of policing practices, acting on policing of each community. Finally present day policing is or the modern era has given way to that of homeland security, which grew after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the United States. All levels of law enforcement agencies, local; state; and federal have devoted more time and effort toward the protection of our nation and homeland security, in an effort to thwart any future attacks. Local, state, and federal law enforcement are tasked with the enforcement of the laws. Federal law enforcement agencies are government agencies whose primary function is the protection and enforcement of federal laws. State law enforcement agencies were created for specified set of needs. State law enforcement was built from one of two models. The first model combines major criminal investigations with the patrolling of state highways. The second model is the culmination of two functions which consist of traffic enforcement and other laws that need upheld. Today’s duties of the modern state policing are to assist local law enforcement in criminal investigations, operate identification bureaus, maintain criminal records repository, patrol states highways, and provide training for municipals and county officers. Today they have also stepped up to a role of homeland security, for identifying precursors to acts of terrorism. The third level of law enforcement is that of the local policing authorities, i.e. county sheriffs or town marshals. City and county agencies are both part of the local level, mayors or city council appoint the officers to their offices and their jurisdictions are limited only to the boundary of their communities. Sheriffs are responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas and for the operation of the county jail. Local police play their role in the new era of homeland security as well by ascertaining the changes in the community that are out of place or unusual. Local police help do this task by interacting with the public, and constantly patrolling neighborhoods and other parts of their community. The increases of population, crime, and the advancement of technologies have challenged our policing forces but it has also allowed it to make necessary changes and advancements in law enforcement evolve with the times, with each generation of Americans we continue to increase our knowledge, experience and technological advances. The structure and technologies of the policing may change over a given time but the ideal of protecting and serving the community will not. With increasing threats on the rise, the police force must be capable and flexible. Making sure they have the most innovative technologies to oppose impending threats and overcome the future challenges that may lie ahead. Reference Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today: an Introductory Text for the 21st Century (10th ed.). New York, NY: Prentice-Hall. 2007. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: Progress Report on Implementation of Mission and Management Functions. GAO Reports i. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed June 12, 2011). Dodsworth, F. M. (2008). The Idea of Police in Eighteenth-Century England: Discipline, Reformation, Superintendence, c. 1780-1800. Journal of the History of Ideas, 69(4), 583-604. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Scott, J. E. (2010). Evolving Strategies: A Historical Examination of Changes in Principle, Authority and Function to Inform Policing in the Twenty-First Century. Police Journal, 83(2), 126-163. doi:10.1350/pojo.2010.83.2.490

Essay --

The drinking age in America should be changed and it is because the tax revenue caused by the increased population of drinkers will be paying more taxes for the alcohol produced. The maturity of the adult population changes through the span of three years, but adults can drink in other countries while fighting for it. In the year of 1919 prohibition for alcohol was introduced into America. The tax revenue from alcohol would increase due to the population of people buying alcohol would increase. Between the age of eighteen and twenty, there is a no tolerance for alcohol law throughout America. In the state of North Carolina, along with other states, at the age of twenty-one and older the alcohol level is 0.08 percent. Many European and South American countries have lower drinking ages, such as Germany being sixteen. However, teenagers in Germany can only buy beer instead of liquor. Introducing minor alcoholic beverages to adults at the age of eighteen reduces the amount of negative ef fects of drinking too much alcohol. Australia‘s drinking age is eighteen; however, some citizens in their country disagree with the drinking have tried to increase the drinking age to twenty-one to follow America. Fifty percent of Australians are for increasing the age, but fifty percent are for the drinking age of eighteen. Increasing the drinking age in Australia would not keep eighteen year-olds from drinking. The law of drinking at a lower age also applies to the standards in America. Many adults in America at the age of eighteen have no drinking privileges, which affects the maturity and economy drastically. Alcohol can affect adults of various ages, but the legal age of drinking has a lack of adults paying due to the drinking law. Adults at the... ...ld increase because there would be more jobs and more rules for drinking at eighteen. Other countries such as Germany, Australia, and United Kingdom believe their youth is more mature, because their drinking age is lower. The youth in other countries, such as Germany, show more responsibility when drinking alcoholic beverages. Germany and the United Kingdom have an increased population of children drinking at a younger age, but introduce it to children safely. The population of drinking is more common in European countries which show that there are fewer alcoholics that affect society. Teenagers in other countries become a large part of society at the age of most children in America are becoming average drivers. However, the maturity of citizens in European countries varies depending on the drinking age. Many adults would mature faster and have more jobs and taxes.

Character Analyses Table

Characters – The Story of Tom Brennan Using the information about the other characters given to you by the other groups fill in the boxes below, include: * Adjectives to describe their personal (how they act, what they’re like) and physical characteristics (what they look like) * How they deal with the crash & do they blame themselves for the crash? How? (Include a quote from the novel to illustrate this and explain why this quote is appropriate) * Outline how they have grown or changed throughout the novel (Include a second quote from the novel to illustrate this and explain why this quote is appropriate)Tom BrennanBefore: determined, strong, horny, talented, and athletic. How he dealt with it: Tom blames himself at the start but learns to accept that it was not his fault. He soon sees that he could never have stopped Daniel from getting in the car. â€Å"Tomorrow? I felt my heart slip to the ground†¦ there would be a tomorrow†¦ the world went on, regardless of how I felt†. It shows how Tom is struggling to get through the days and just when it gets better he remembers how crap his life is. Tom changes hugely throughout the book, he works hard to improve his life and become happy again even when he wants to give up. I just wish I was starting to feel a bit better† â€Å"You will, I know you will†. â€Å"Really? † â€Å"Yeah†. â€Å"Do you? † â€Å"Yeah† I answered. â€Å"It’s slow but I can see ahead now, if you know what I mean? † â€Å"Like? † â€Å"Like life being okay again. † I squeezed her hand. Shows how Tom starts to live again. | Daniel BrennanBefore accident: arrogant, Sentenced to 3 years in jail. Blames himself, ashamed of what he has done. He has plenty of time to think about what his done. Daniel improves at the end. Reckless at times. Doesn’t deal with the crash that well because he blames himself for what happened at the beginning.He has a mentor that helps him deal with the accident and then Daniel begins to help someone else. â€Å"Daniel was an accident waiting to happen, just shame that it happened to other people†. From Nicole’s parents. He became sorry and a mentor. This is how he changed throughout the novel. | Kylie BrennanSmoker, stubborn, argumentative. After accident: aggressive, angry, guilty, frightened, secretive and bitchy. Builds a strong relationship with Tom and Daniel. Expresses her feelings through her speech about domestic terrorism.Kylie becomes caring about Fin and made sure he was ok. â€Å"Kyle’s we’ll never be the same, but that doesn’t mean it has to be bad just different†. This show that things can change but doesn’t have to be negative. How she dealt with it: She moved on quickly, but she blamed herself secretly because she encouraged Fin and Claire to get together. She hated herself, and cut her hair off. â€Å"Tell someone who cares Tomà ¢â‚¬ . As she got up and walked out. This shows she is angry. She started being rebellious as a form of coping. She started smoking and even swearing.Unlike Tom though, she can’t talk about the accident. As she told her new friend Brianna and her old friend Becky. | FinBefore accident: mature, relaxed. After accident: confused, depressed, quadriplegic. â€Å"Hey Tom† and here he was 6 months later, his had grown back and he could breathe for himself. But he’d never be the real Fin, the Fin I knew. â€Å"Who’s Bennies 5/8th†, â€Å"A bloke called Rory†, â€Å"Is he any good†. I answered carefully â€Å"He’s not bad†He became quadriplegic, becomes depressedBecause he can’t move, he had more time to think.When becoming angry, the only way to feel better is to take it out on his family. About the crash: angry, lost confused, depressed. Blames Daniel for the crash and how he ruined his life. | Uncle Brendan| ClaireReg retful, forgiving, scared, caring and thoughtful. Claire broke up with Daniel and he went crazy which resulted in the accident. | Gran| Aunty Kath| Jo Brennan and Tess Brennan (Tom’s Parents)Sympathetic, dull, depressed, neglectful. He does not blame himself for the accident as he felt they all had the reason to celebrate.They got in to the final end they wanted a premature party. Joe did not know the full relationship between Fin and Claire had the secret relationship. Joe just saw it as a night of fun not tragedy. She nodded. â€Å"you’ve always been one step ahead of her†. â€Å"You and Kylie both have. † â€Å"So what did I do wrong my first born? † â€Å"Tess blames her parenting skills referring to Kylie and Tom being good but looked at the Daniel turned out. Tess used to be very neglectful to the rest of family and has come to deep depression.She didn’t show much interest other than Daniel this has extended not only to her own childr en but Fin as well. She changed throughout the novel by taking care of her health and making effort with her children. â€Å"Mum made dinner. † Kylie and I helped. They were only omelettes but that was the most she’s cooked in ages. She kept going on about how delicious they were and how you had to eat the eggs in a particular way to make them fluffy. Kylie gave me a bit of an eye roll but she didn’t say anything. We knew these were big steps for mum. We didn’t want to do nything to ruin it in case she went back to bed and never got out. â€Å"Not only has god given you a gift, I mean sincerely. Now, it was good, but it was never going to be as good as you† But I think deep down he meant that. Joe comes to senses and realises that Daniel, is not so much the golden child. Joe realises that Tom has so much, he has a chance at a better life, a great rugby career and a chance to become a great someone, special. This relates to Joe in changing because h e realises that Tom can be someone and he can lift his brother and family from the disaster. Tess blames herself.She felt saddened, depressed as if she never wanted to wake up from her bed. Tess often slept, and slept in the dark clutches of doona. It was though she would never wake from under the bed ever again, but Tess after all that sleeping she was just thinking that she should of stopped Daniel. But there was no way. Tess did not know what was going to happen. Daniels actions affected Tess in a way where she would never able to look at her sister in the eye again. The damaged that ripped Tess’s family apart that to her was unbearable to forget, and to beg for forgiveness. |

Leadership Style and Performance Essay

An overview of the topic of leadership styles summarizes that the existing studies on how performance is affected by leadership style is separated into important phases. Early studies on leadership (frequently categorized as ‘trait’ studies on leadership) concentrated on identifying the personality traits which characterized successful leaders (Argyris, 1955; Mahoney et al. , 1960). According to them successful leaders are ‘naturally born’ and those they have certain native characteristics which distinguish them from non-leaders (see Stodgill, 1948). However, there was significant difficulty in validating these characteristics led to widespread criticism of this trait approach, signaling the emergence of ‘style’ and ‘behavioral’ approaches to leadership (Stodgill, 1948). Style and behavioral theorists shifted the emphasis away from the characteristics of the leader to the behavior and style the leader adopted. The primry conclusion of these studies is that adoption of democratic or participative styles by leaders are more successful (see, for example, Bowsers and Seashore, 1966). In this sense, these early studies are focused on identifying the ‘one best way of leading’. Similarly to trait theories, the major weakness of style and behavioral theories is the ignorance of how important role situational factors play in determining the effectiveness of individual leaders (Mullins, 1999). It is this limitation that gives rise to the ‘situational’ and ‘contingency’ theories of leadership (for example, Fiedler, 1967; House, 1971; Vroom and Yetton, 1974) which shift the emphasis away from ‘the one best way to lead’ to context-sensitive leadership. Although each study emphasizes the importance of different factors, the general tenet of the situational and contingency perspectives is that leadership effectiveness is dependent on the leader’s diagnosis and understanding of situational factors, followed by the adoption of the appropriate style to deal with each circumstance. However, recent studies on leadership have contrasted ‘transactional’ leadership with ‘transformational’. Transactional leaders are said to be ‘instrumental’ and frequently focus on exchange relationship with their subordinates. In contrast, transformational leaders are argued to be visionary and enthusiastic, with an inherent ability to motivate subordinates. Although the brief summary above indicates that research into leadership has gone through periods of skepticism, recent interest has focused on the importance of the leadership role to the success of organizations. Fiedler (1996), one of the most respected researchers on leadership, has provided a recent treatise on the importance of leadership by arguing that the effectiveness of a leader is a major determinant of the success or failure of a group, organization or even an entire country. It has been argued that one way in which organizations have sought to cope with the increasing volatility and turbulence of the external environment is by training and developing leaders and equipping them with the skills to cope. These claims are based on the assumption of a direct link between leadership and organizational performance. This assumption requires critical review. Widely celebrated cases of a direct leadership–performance link may be found in numerous anecdotal accounts of improvements of company performance attributed to changes in leadership (see, for example, Nicholls, 1988; Quick, 1992; Simms, 1997). However, empirical studies into the links between leadership and performance have been lacking. One notable exception is the detailed study of the impact of leadership on performance in the somewhat surprising context of Icelandic fishing ships. Thorlindsson (1987) suggests that variations in the performance of different fishing ships, under identical conditions, can be accounted for by the leadership skills of captains. Over a three-year period, Thorlindsson revealed that the leadership qualities of the ship captains accounted for 35 to 49 per cent of variation in the catch of different crews. Other studies which examine the links between leadership and performance coincide with the re-emergence of the ‘one best way to lead’ debate. Of particular relevance is the resurgence of interest into charismatic leadership, which is frequently referred to as transformational leadership (Bass and Avolio, 1993). A number of researchers theorize that transformational leadership is linked to organizational performance. Conceptually, it is argued that the visionary and inspirational skills of transformational leaders motivate followers to deliver superior performance. In summary, much of the above evidence presented as supporting the claim of a leadership–performance link is anecdotal and frequently over-concentrates on the ‘transformational’ role of leaders in corporate successes. It would appear that few studies have responded to the observation of Porter and Mckibbin (1988) that much of the research reported as supporting this claim is either inconclusive or empirically suspect. The limited or inconclusive character of research findings in this area suggests the need to investigate further the nature of the relationship between leadership and performance. Several different categories of leadership paradigms have been suggested by various researchers. For example, Bass (1985) stated that there are four dimensions of transformational leadership, three dimensions of transactional leadership, and a non-leadership dimension of laissez-faire leadership (Bass, 1985). Avery (2004) suggested categorizing leadership into four leadership paradigms, while Goleman (1995) prefers six leadership paradigms. Despite Bass’s (1985) model being acclaimed as making a major contribution to leadership, his theory has been criticized for various reasons (Yukl, 1999). One criticism is that his model overemphasizes the importance of one or two leadership paradigms (e. g. transactional and visionary), omitting the classical and organic paradigms Bass asserts that visionary (transformational) leaders are nearly always more effective than transactional leaders, but others (e. g. Judge and Piccolo, 2004; Wallace, 1997) dispute this. While this in itself does not invalidate the concept of visionary leadership, Bass attributes more to visionary (transformational) leadership than perhaps he should. As Avery (2004) suggested, both transactional and visionary leadership are valid forms of leadership, but visionary leadership may be applicable more broadly, including in situations where there are insufficient resources for the manager to rely on supplying external rewards (Judge and Piccolo, 2004), or where the situation is complex and ambiguous, and relies strongly on follower knowledge and commitment. Avery suggests that there are other situations in which transactional leadership is the appropriate form of leadership, such as when followers are unwilling or unable to commit to the leader’s vision. In contrast with Bass’s (1985) model, Avery’s (2004) paradigms provide a broad basis allowing for different forms of leadership that have evolved at different times and in different places. The paradigms are useful for showing that there is no single best way of thinking about leadership, rather that different kinds of leadership reflect social and historical roots. Avery’s paradigms allow leadership to depend on the context, respond to organizational needs and preferences, and involve many interdependent factors that can be manipulated (Bryman, 1992; Shamir and Howell, 1999; Yukl, 1999). Avery (2004) proposes 13 indices to differentiate between her four paradigms: classical, transactional, visionary, and organic. The nine indices included in this review are decision making, range of staff’s power, power distance between leader and the staff, key player of the organization, source of staff’s commitment, staff’s responsibility, situation of management and leadership in the organization, situation of diversity in the organization and situation of control in the organization. These nine criteria are considered more relevant for differentiating the four leadership paradigms than the other four criteria. Each paradigm is discussed in turn, including the distinguishing characteristics using the above nine criteria. Classical leadership is probably the oldest paradigm with its origins in antiquity, and is still used in contemporary organizations (Avery, 2004). This paradigm reflected the prevailing view in the business literature until the 1970s when the human relations movement led to more of a focus on followers and their environment. According to Avery (2004), classical leadership refers to dominance by a pre-eminent person or an ‘elite’ group of people. This leadership can either be coercive or benevolent or a mixture of both. This happens because the elite individual or group commands or maneuvers other members to act towards a goal, which may or may not be explicitly stated. The other members of the society or organization typically adhere to the directives of the elite leader, do not openly question their directives, and execute orders largely out of fear of the consequences of not doing so, or out of respect for the leader, or both (Avery, 2004). Classical leadership has some limitations. The first occurs where the leader cannot command and control every action, particularly as situations become more complex and beyond the capacity of one person; or when additional commitment from followers is needed to get a job done, such as in reacting to changing circumstances; or when ideas about leadership change and followers no longer accept domination, or follower commitment starts to wane for other reasons. Another limitation is that this paradigm often relies on the idea of a ‘great person’, implying that only a select few are good enough to exercise initiative, and this belief can encourage followers to deskill themselves nd idealize the leaders. Followers then seek and hold little power, leave the leader accountable for organizational outcomes, and make relatively little contribution to the organization (Avery, 2004). According to the nine distinguishing indicators, under the classical leadership paradigm leaders normally use an autocratic style for making decisions, involving followers in the decision making process never or very little; they do not empower followers. Followers have almost no power in the organization and as classical leaders tend to be highly directive, followers can be unskilled. The source of followers’ commitment comes from their fear of or respect for the leaders; the technical system becomes more regulating; the operations in the organization become more routine and predictable; and the organization is highly controlled by the leaders (Avery, 2004). A transaction or exchange process is the basis of the commonly employed transactional leadership paradigm (Evans and Dermer, 1974; House and Mitchell, 1974). The transactional leader recognizes subordinates’ needs and desires, and then clarifies how those needs and desires will be met in exchange for subordinates’ work. By clarifying what is required of subordinates and the consequences of their behaviors, transactional leaders are able to build confidence in subordinates to exert the necessary effort to achieve expected levels of performance. According to Judge and Piccolo (2004), three dimensions of transactional leadership are contingent reward, management by exception-active, and management by exception-passive. Contingent reward is the degree to which the leader sets up constructive transactions or exchanges with followers. The leader clarifies expectations and establishes the rewards for meeting these expectations. In general, management by exception is the degree to which the leader takes corrective action on the basis of results of leader-follower transactions (Judge and Piccolo, 2004). As noted by Howell and Avolio (1993), the difference between management by exception-active and management by exception-passive lies in the timing of the leader’s intervention. Active leaders monitor follower behavior, anticipate problems, and take corrective actions before the behavior creates serious difficulties. Passive leaders wait until the behavior has created problems before taking action (Howell and Avolio, 1993; Judge and Piccolo, 2004). According to Avery (2004, p. 34), under the transactional leadership paradigm, leaders adopt a consultative style for making decisions. They engage in different degrees of consultation with individual followers, but the leaders remain the final decision-makers. Leaders do not very often empower followers, and followers have very low power in the organization apart from being able to withdraw from or contribute more of their labor. Compared with classical leadership, under transactional leadership the source of followers’ commitment comes from the rewards, agreements, and expectations negotiated with the leader rather than from their fear of, or respect for, the classical leader. The technical system becomes more regulating, the operations in the organization become more routine and predictable, and the organization is mostly highly controlled by the leaders. Avery (2004) argues that under transactional leadership, the followers’ knowledge base can be somewhat higher than under classical leadership. Compared with classical leaders, transactional leaders require staff somewhat more skilled on specific tasks. In the last three decades, visionary (transformational, charismatic) leadership has received increasing attention (Bass, 1985, 1998; Burns, 1978; Conger and Kanungo, 1987; House, 1977). It added a new dimension to organizational studies, namely the visionary aspect of leadership and the emotional involvement of employees within an organization. The basic notion is that a visionary leader can create an impression that he or she has high competence and a vision to achieve success. Subordinates are expected to respond with enthusiasm and commitment to the leadership objectives, and may be recruited because they share the vision. Bass (1985, 1998) developed a theory of visionary or transformational leadership whereby the leader inspires and activates subordinates to perform beyond normal expectations. According to Avery (2004), visionary leadership has limitations, even with the current literature’s overwhelmingly positive view of it. Nadler and Tuschman (1990) pointed out that the unrealistic expectations followers often place on visionary leaders can create disappointment if things do not work out. Followers can become dependent on visionary leaders, believing that the leader has everything under control. Also, innovation can be inhibited if people become reluctant to disagree with a visionary leader. Avery (2004, p. 39) distinguishes the visionary leadership paradigm from the other three paradigms as follows. First, leaders employ a collaborative style for making decisions. They share problems with their followers and seek consensus before the leaders make the final decision. Visionary leaders empower their followers, giving followers a much higher level of power in the organization than classical and transactional leadership. This is essential because the leader needs the followers’ input and commitment to realize his or her goals. Followers of visionary leadership need sufficient power to work autonomously towards a shared vision. The source of followers’ commitment comes from the influence of the leaders’ charisma and/or the shared vision, the technical system becomes still more complex, operations become more uncertain and unpredictable, and the organization is jointly controlled by the leaders and their followers. Regarding the followers’ knowledge base, visionary leadership requires skilled and knowledgeable workers who are attracted to, and share the leader’s vision, and can contribute to realizing the vision. The fourth paradigm, organic leadership, is relatively new to organizational studies. Recently introduced by Drath (2001) and expanded by Avery (2004), organic leadership is likely to blur the formal distinction between leaders and followers. This paradigm relies on reciprocal actions, where team members work together in whatever roles of authority and power they may have, not based on position power (Hirschhorn, 1997; Raelin, 2003; Rothschild and Whitt, 1986). Employees become interacting partners in determining what makes sense, how to adapt to change, and what is a useful direction. Rather than relying on one leader, organic organizations are likely to have many leaders. Multiple leaders are valuable because as people cope with heterogeneous and dynamic environments, the knowledge and issues become too complicated for only a few leaders to understand (Avery, 2004). Organic leadership allows for people with different degrees of expertise on current issues to emerge and be accepted by the group as leaders. In addition, under organic leadership, there may be no formal leaders and the interaction of all organizational members can act as a form of leadership, held together by a shared vision, values, and a supporting culture. Under this paradigm where an organization has no formal leadership structure, an integrator role may emerge to actively link together the many parts of the organization (Avery, 2004). The emphasis is on emerging leadership rather than on people being appointed to leadership positions. However, Kanter (1989) argued that the downside of organic leadership that advocates autonomy, freedom, discretion and authorization may result in loss of control and greatly increased uncertainty. It is important to recognize that organic leadership is about generating a form of self-control and self-organization, where people have a clear sense of purpose and autonomy within a particular context (Meindl, 1998). This idealized organic leadership paradigm requires differentiating from classical, transactional, and visionary leadership concepts by not relying on formal leaders. Furthermore, the enterprise has to trust in the capacity of its members to solve problems and make decisions in the interests of the organization. This idea clearly relies upon self-leading organizational members (Avery, 2004). According to Avery’s (2004, p. 39) distinguishing characteristics, under organic leadership an organization adopts a mutual agreement style for making decisions. Decisions need not be unanimous but can be based on consensus. The members have a high degree of power as a result of this shared leadership. Accountability and responsibility are shared as well. The source of followers’ commitment is based on the values and visions shared by all the members in the organization; a strong, shared culture; a technical system that is highly complex; operations in the organic organization become more self-organizing and unpredictable; formal control is provided by peer pressure and group dynamics, and a shared culture, vision, and values. Members are self-managing. Organic leadership seems particularly appropriate for professional and knowledge workers in dynamic, chaotic situations. This leadership paradigm relies on attracting and retaining highly trained and knowledgeable staff with self-controlling capabilities.

Self Presentation and Social Perception Essay Example

Self Presentation and Social Perception Essay Example Self Presentation and Social Perception Paper Self Presentation and Social Perception Paper Module 2: Social Psychology Mathis, Ronald Self Presentation and Social Perception Ronald Mathis Grand Canyon University: Soc 369 Due July 3, 2011 From my perspective, the material in the textbook relate to Matthew 7:3-5 in this way; when people put their judgments on others, but fail to see that they have faults, and that things are wrong with them too, they have failed to see themselves for who they really are. According to Oliver Sachs (1985), we have an inner self that is private and an outer self that we show to other people. However, our outer self is biased, and want to cast judgment on others. We want to go around correcting people and telling them what to do. All the while, in the private, we do the same thing. The biased, they tell people they shouldn’t do that, and could be guilty of doing those very same things. Sachs also says â€Å"the self is heavily influenced by social factors† (Kassin, 2008, p. 55). For instance, if I start an infectious laughter, or yawing as if I am sleepy, and there are other people in the room, they will say â€Å"girl you are making me sleepy. With laughter, even if I were faking it, someone would say â€Å"what are you laughing at? † If I act like I could not stop, people would just start laughing too. Therefore, being biased can catch on like an epidemic. From my perspective, Matthew 7: 3-5 relates to me that I should not perceive things to be a certain way and they really are not. For instance, I should not perceive that just because I see someon e that has on rich fancy clothes that they are wealthy, and they are better than me. Also, I should not let others try to make me feel bad about myself when an attempt is made to put me down or make me feel degraded. This to me is taking the plank out of my eye. A person can appear to be rich and not really be, and it could make me have feelings of inferiority if I allowed myself to feel that way, or if that person showed some type of affluent bias towards me like scorn of poverty stricken people. On the other hand, I should not attempt to do that to someone if I were in a position of having the appearance of wealth. In conclusion, when people bring their judgments they have failed to see themselves. Don’t perceive things to be a certain way when they really are not.

Emily Dickenson Essays

Emily Dickenson Essays Emily Dickenson Essay Emily Dickenson Essay Generally, Emily Dickensonâ„ ¢s works are very distinct and recognisable. Dickenson uses erratic punctuation and tends to focus her themes on dark, depressing topics that explore the moment death and the after life. This is evident in poems such as The Soul has Bandaged moments. However, Dickenson has a lighter side which enabled her to produce several definition poems that attempt to describe intangible things through the use of metaphor like Hope is the thing with Feathers and joyous poems that express her love of nature and buoyant states of mind. An example would be I taste a Liquor never brewed. This style she used appealed to me much more than her macabre poems. The Soul has Bandaged moments explores the periods that are faced by the soul. But the soul may be a comparison for her physiological state of mind. There is many comparisons in this poem fright fulfilment, depression happiness, freedom restraint, hope despair. The poem is divided into three sections each containing two stanzas. The first stanza suggests that the soul is hurt, fragile or restricted when she says it has bandaged moments. A Fright is introduced that violates the soul and paralyses the vulnerable, soul with dread. This Ghastly Fright may be seen a death, the freezing hair indicates the chill of fear death brings and its coldness. The conflict between the fright and the lover can be seen as any of the conflicts mentioned above. The third and forth stanza break free of the atmosphere of threat and dread. It now suggests an image of freedom, fulfilment and warmth. Verbs like dances and swings describe carefree activities, while bursting and bomb indicates energy and excitement. The image of the delirious bee, completely fulfilled, coming out from the rose over all sums up the feeling of joy in this part of the poem. But this escape is short lived, its temporary. The Horror welcomes the soul again. The last two stanzas could be characterised by feelings of imprisonment, by words such as Felon and shackes. In the poetâ„ ¢s opinion this experience of depression is one that should not be spoken of, making it lonely and isolating. Not brayed of Tougue

Cmo queda ley Arizona SB1070 tras decisin de Corte

Cmo queda ley Arizona SB1070 tras decisin de Corte En 2010, el estado de Arizona inicià ³ con Ley SB1070 un empuje para tratar de restringir la inmigracià ³n indocumentada dentro de su territorio, siendo su ejemplo seguido por otros estados como Alabama, Georgia y Utah. Esta ley fue objeto de gran debate polà ­tico y su suerte se decidià ³ en las cortes federales. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre cules provisiones de la ley fueron impugnadas por la administracià ³n del presidente Barack Obama, quà © decidià ³ la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos al respecto y quà © se puede aplicar de la Ley SB1071 en la actualidad y quà © no se puede, por considerarse inconstitucional. Partes de la ley SB1070 de Arizona que aplican Por decisià ³n conocida como Arizona vs. United States y con cinco votos contra tres de la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos en junio de 2012 se decidià ³ que es constitucional la parte de la ley SB1070 que concede a los oficiales de policà ­a del estado de Arizona el poder para investigar el estatus migratorio de todas aquellas personas que detiene, arresta o para y de las que se sospeche razonablemente que pueden ser extranjeros indocumentados. Adems, siempre han aplicado porque nunca se les impugnà ³ las provisiones que establecen que el estado de Arizona, los condados y los municipios no pueden limitar la accià ³n de la policà ­a a la hora de aplicar las leyes federales de inmigracià ³n. Lo mismo aplica a la provisià ³n que autoriza castigar a toda persona que es contratada o contrata desde un vehà ­culo. No importa, en este à ºltimo caso, que el que contrate sea un ciudadano estadounidense. La ley convierte a esta actividad en ilegal tambià ©n para à ©l o ella, quien se arriesga a sufrir las consecuencias, incluida la posibilidad de perder el auto desde el que pretendà ­a contratar a una persona que se encontraba en la calle o en una esquina solicitando trabajo. Secciones de la ley SB1070 de Arizona que no aplican Las siguientes provisiones no aplican: En primer lugar, la obligacià ³n para todos los extranjeros mayores de 14 aà ±os y que pasen ms de 30 dà ­as en EEUU de que se registren con las autoridades federales y que lleven consigo en todo momento la documentacià ³n que pruebe que se han registrado. En segundo lugar, la disposicià ³n que consideraba delito tener o buscar un trabajo en Arizona si no se tiene un permiso federal para trabajar. En tercer lugar, la disposicià ³n que autorizaba a la policà ­a a detener a todos los inmigrantes de los que exista sospecha de que han cometido una ofensa que tiene como castigo la deportacià ³n. La situacià ³n migratoria actual en los Estados Unidos Con la llegada a la Casa Blanca del presidente Donald Trump se han producido importantes cambios en materia migratoria en relacià ³n a refugiados, asilados y tambià ©n a migrantes indocumentados. Asà ­, en la actualidad son prioridad para deportacià ³n prcticamente todos los indocumentados. La à ºnica excepcià ³n a esa regla general por el momento son los 750 mil muchachos conocidos como Dreamers y que estn protegidos por el programa de la Accià ³n Diferida, que se conoce por sus siglas en inglà ©s de DACA. Sin embargo, incluso para ellos la situacià ³n es complicada porque el el propio presidente puso fin a ese programa. Los muchachos con DACA aprobado con anterioridad a la decisià ³n del presidente Trump siguen amparados, al menos por el momento, por decisiones judiciales, pero no se admiten aplicaciones nuevas al programa. Por otro lado, los migrantes indocumentados tienen derechos que no pueden ser ignorados y es aconsejable que todos ellos conozcan quà © puede hacer y quà © deben callar en el caso de ser arrestados o detenidos. Sin embargo, mientras el gobierno federal y algunos estados endurecen las medidas para restringir la migracià ³n indocumentada, otros estados mantienen o promueven su proteccià ³n dentro de los là ­mites permitidos a las autoridades estatales o municipales, como por ejemplo, el caso de las ciudades santuario. Otro ejemplo es el de los estados que emiten licencias de manejar para los indocumentados, como es el caso de California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Nevada, Nuevo Mà ©xico, Utah, Vermont y Washington, asà ­ como la ciudad de Washington D.C. la capital de Estados Unidos. Por à ºltimo, cabe destacar que dependiendo de las circunstancias de cada migrante, en ocasiones es posible encontrar un camino para regularizar la situacià ³n y obtener una tarjeta de residente permanente, tambià ©n conocida como green card. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal de ningà ºn tipo. Puntos Clave de la Ley SB1070 de Arizona restrictiva de la migracià ³n indocumentada La Ley SB1070 de Arizona fue una de las primeras y duras con objeto de restringir la migracià ³n indocumentada en su territorio. Fue objeto de gran debate y la Corte Suprema decidià ³ que parte de la misma era inconstitucional.En la actualidad estn en vigor y pueden ser aplicadas las siguientes provisiones:La policà ­a puede informarse sobre el estatus migratorio de cualquier persona que para, arresta o detiene y de la que sospeche que puede estar en EE.UU. ilegalmente.La policà ­a de las ciudades y condados no puede impedir la aplicacià ³n de ninguna ley migratoria federal.Es ilegal contratar o ser contratado desde un vehà ­culo.Los migrantes mayores de 18 aà ±os estn obligados a llevar un documento que pruebe que estn en el paà ­s legalmente. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Driessen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Driessen - Essay Example Paul Driessen's book Eco-Imperialism: Green Power, Black Death considers the subject of how the extremists of the environmental lobby within the rich and developed countries of the west are pushing their own ecological standards upon those of the less developed world (Driessen, 2003). Paul Driessen has worked within the Senate and Department of the Interior as well as being involved in support groups. However, through out his time in Washington he has slowly realised that the process of support for the environment has slowly ground to a halt, or has become so blinkered by its own ideologies that it has stopped accepting fresh new ideas and evidence that would help saves the lives of billions (Driessen, 2003). Driessen puts forward the statement that has been argued by many that the environment and theories concerning its values should always be taken into consideration and placed over saving human lives. This statement and its actions is seen as being the cause of so many lives being lost in the third world countries (Driessen, 2003). What makes matters worse is that many of these eco-imperialist groups are advocating the need to heal the earth, these groups include Greenpeace, who through the many years of its existence may have used up more oil on it's boat the rainbow warrior than any other shipping or whaling industry. Their aim and agenda is to save the world but at the cost of human life, which sadly can be found in much of the third world (Driessen, 2003). Driessen illustrates that those eco-imperialists are purposely and deliberately forcing their own ideals onto the world and as such are responsible for the death of so many lives around the globe. It is ideas such as the removal of DDT as a pesticide that has caused the rise of mosquitoes. This has caused the death of nearly 2 million people a year in sub Saharan Africa (Driessen, 2003). Driessen points out that when DDT is sprayed in the homes there is no risk to the environment or to people. Moreover, it has been illustrated that by using DDT the South African government had stemmed the number of deaths to around 10,000 per year. Sadly when DDT was halted the deaths rose to a staggeringly 62,000 a year and again fell when DDT was reintroduced (Driessen, 2003) Furthermore, the book illustrates the change in economies and demands for new doctrines for Corporate Social Responsibility, in this the demands are placed upon these groups instead of their own goals and profits, sadly once these ideals are defined then the policies that look at human suffering and misery become less important in favour of profit (Driessen, 2003). Driessen offers up the new ethical codes as a questionable way for the eco-imperialists to push for their ideologies upon the world (Driessen, 2003). The argument by such groups that invoke the eco-imperialistic ethos that science, technology and industry should be removed or refused to the third world countries can be seen as once again elitist, how can a country develop if it is refused the technology in which to do so. Many of the third world countries population seek to move out of their stone age huts and live in modern houses with electricity and clean fresh running water, the kind of things at many in the west take for granted. Yet these poor people are denied even the right of living like modern humans by elitist groups whose only ideal is their own back yard

Journal Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Journal Article Review - Essay Example This indicates that she is well qualified in the academic field which is the subject of this paper, and has experience of living and working in the United States, This is an empirical study which explores how editors of online news perceive their role, especially in terms of an assumed â€Å"gatekeeper† (p. 265) function which entails sifting the available information and packaging it for readers. It considers in particular the question of how editors view the democratizing impact of the internet, which allows anyone and everyone to publish news-related material, and whether this has influenced the way that editors perceive their role. An extensive literature is conducted, covering such themes as the difficulty of defining interactivity in online news offerings and the concept of an active audience which is enabled to co-construct the news that is published. The case of politicians is cited as an example of informed users turning the potential of the internet towards traditional purposes, such as â€Å"to exercise message control† (p. 267) rather than to develop new ones which utilize all the capabilities of the internet. There are three research questions, exploring 1) what editors affiliated with newspaper-affiliated Websites saw as their goals and their major achievements covering the 2004 political campaign; 2) the extent to which these editors relinquished their gatekeeping role by allowing users to provide or personalize content and 3) whether these editors had changed their views since the year 2000. The methodology aims to replicate the data and sampling techniques of an earlier 2000 study, using a purposive sample which is suitable for especially informative cases (p. 269). An email survey using both open and closed questions was circulated, resulting in forty seven replies, which equates to a response rate of 61 per cent (p. 269). Both

Withdrawal of Care Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Withdrawal of Care - Case Study Example The discussion should include the most efficient means of withdrawing the life support services; the needs and significance of withdrawing the life-sustaining treatment are to be realized by those who work in the field. The withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment legal and ethical aspects should as well be put into perspective before embarking on the withdrawal of care process (Gordon, 2008). Nurses have an incredibly decisive role in initiating the plan of withdrawing life support health treatment. In most cases nurses are in charge of taking care of hospitalized patients. Additionally, nurses are as well squarely responsible for executing the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment plan. In most cases, nurses are blamed for lack of sufficient knowledge and resources to put into practice the withdrawal of life-sustaining plan (Kirchhoff et al., 2010). Different Intensive Care Units have dissimilar and unique ways of managing and controlling deaths. As a result this has complicated the nurses’ practice of managing and implementing the life-sustaining treatment withdrawal initiatives.... By referring to his medical history provided by his sister and sister in law, the patient was at one time diagnosed with epilepsy. The patient had as well undergone brain surgery two years ago to access the possibility of brain tumor. In the recent days, the patient was reported to have be fatigued and having consistent out spells. Additionally, two month prior to the presentation of the case, the patient was also diagnosed with pneumonia. Since pneumonia treatment, the patient has been experiencing choric cough, was very weak and tired. Moreover, the ailing man had over years experienced elevated white blood counts. To address the problem, the patient underwent bone marrow biopsy After the initial physical examination, the patient was admitted in the hospital as a chronically and pale ill white male. The assessment on his neck did not reveal signs of a jugular venous distension. There were signs of diminished breath sounds as well as evidence of bilateral course rhonchi. The heart b eat was at a rate of 60-65 bpm. After detailed examination, there were no signs of clubbing, cyanosis, or edema. The patient was as well releasing small amount of urine and the feet were cool. However, after exhaustive assessment, the 50 years old man was revealed to have chronic pneumonia that incorporated massive emphysema. His condition was also complicated by respiratory failure, septic shocks, sepsis, renal complications, respiratory acidosis and leukemia, as well as mixed metabolic problem. There were also indications of poly-microbial complications due to the presence of smelling pus. Owing to his severe and painful heath complications, health practitioners concluded that, his chances of survival were about 25%. As a result, after thorough consultation between health

Psychology Myth Buster Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology Myth Buster - Research Paper Example They did not win; in fact, their numbers did not even figure in the lottery. Therefore, the superstition is false. Psychology Myth Buster Superstitions and myths are beliefs that are widely held but prove to be irrational most of the time (Merriam-Webster’s). They are usually beliefs that are passed down from generation to generation, often explain various phenomena, but is most commonly held for luck and for problem solving purposes. The myth that was picked for this paper was the myth that â€Å"wearing your birthstone can bring you good luck†, which is common according to the site of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (http://www.csicop.org/superstition/library/common_superstitions/). To operationally define the construct, the researcher devised a task. The task is entering a lottery while the participants were wearing their birthstones (ruby and opal, respectively). The lottery is a complete test of luck, as it does not depend on IQ, skill or any person’s ab ilities. Luck, according to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, is a favoring chance, with chance meaning â€Å"something caused by luck† (Merriam-Webster’s). Also, chance also meant a raffle lottery ticket, which is something significant to the experimental setup. Apart from having the lottery task, self-report is another way of operationally defining the constructs.

Examine and explain the connection, both political and social, between Essay

Examine and explain the connection, both political and social, between American territorial expansion and the issue of slavery - Essay Example On the other hand, slavery affected the social development of the Americans greatly, most individuals affected were Africans, and thus slavery brought up many consequences. Generally, slavery is one of the consequences of the territorial expansion that the Americans aimed at when wedging the war against France and Britain. The main intention of the America was to stop the two countries, France and Britain, from disrespecting their territory and rights. Therefore, the war against France and Britain has resulted in the political and social development of America. After Madison came into power, he decided to declare war against the Great Britain from France and Britain had refused to respect America’s rights. The American Revolution started 29 years before the United States of America wedged war with the Great Britain (DBQ #7, DOC. #7). The Americas leaders kept quiet for a long time but France and Britain kept on stopping and seizing Americans ships and cargos, and kidnapped the American sailors. This articulated the American leaders, especially Madison, who came later into power, to declare war against them because he wanted them to respect the rights on the high seas. The Foreign Relations Committee of the House of Representatives of the United States gave a report on the widening conflict of the United States against France and Britain (From Annals of the Congress of the United States, Twelfth Congress). The report indicated that the United States claimed their right to the use of the ocean for transporting their vessels, their product, and in the acquisition of the raw materials for their industry (DBQ #7. Doc.1). Following the speech presented by John Randolph of Virginia, one of the congressman, he stated that when the people go to war they do should not just go to fight for the maritime rights but for farmland since the Gentlemen from the North have been instructed to go to the land (DBQ #7. Doc.3). Therefore, president Madison had at last to declar e the war against France and Britain since they had complained but the two countries did not take any actions towards their complaints. President Madison declared that they behold the war against the Great Britain for withholding their vessels from lawful destinations and for not taking any actions on the victims of lawless violence (DBQ #7. Doc.4). On the other hand, slavery affected the social development of the Americans greatly, most individuals affected were Africans, and thus slavery brought up many consequences. Slavery in America started during the revolution of the America (Lord Dunmore’s proclamation, Virginia, 1775). Lord Dunmore continued to state that he requires people who are capable to bear arms to join his army or they will become the traitors to his government (DBQ #9. Doc.1). Most Africans became victims of slavery. Slavery resulted in deprivation of Africans to enjoy the profits of their labor and they were denied to inherit property from their parents as the white people did. The black people were denied the right to vote as the rest yet they were supposed to enter the defense force. The slaves had the determination to be free one day. According to the Letter to ministers from the Vermont Colonization Society, 1820, slaves had a right to be free and the society owned the colony of Liberia for harboring slaves (DBQ# 9. Doc.10). The African Americans also received harsh slavery treatment and as a result some of the African American citizen like Prince

Giftedness-underrepresentation of African Americans students in gifted Term Paper

Giftedness-underrepresentation of African Americans students in gifted programs - Term Paper Example Although all gifted individuals have varied traits, characteristics and behaviors but the most common of these elements found in gifted students were: humor, capability to understand and comprehend symbols, highly creative, proper reasoning and decision making skills, well shaped cognition, highly motivated and excellent ability to communicate. All these elements are necessary for an individual to perform well in different settings. These researchers even figured out that other than previous stated elements, gifted students even have high amount of emotional intelligence. People such as the great Martin Luther King, Lady Diana, and Rachel Carson were the ones who made a huge difference to the gifted students, the traits and behaviors exhibited by these great individuals include: they were quite courageous, they had a very high desire to turn things around, the degree of cognitive as well as physical energy vested in them was quite high. These people even had team work, leadership ski lls. The existence of the myth that the gifted students are those who have one similar standard of ability, behavior and traits is due to the fact that various gifted students have not been able to gain education and training due to which they have failed to develop their abilities and skills. The researchers even figured out that gifted students are not gifted with all these abilities and skills since birth, and there are not few special chosen ones who have been awarded with these skills and abilities and these skills and abilities are developed by those individuals who have high potential. Thus giftedness is not inborn, rather it is learned (Reis 2009). According to John O’ Neil’s (1992) findings, focus on performance assessment tests have increased due to the increase in importance of students graduating with skills and abilities required to solve new problems (O'Neil 1992). Performance tests refers to tests taken for a specific ability or skill, for example to che ck whether a student has learned a particular foreign language, a test that makes him speak in that language is the most appropriate as compared to multiple choice tests. Multiple choice tests cannot help in accomplishing whether a student has learned what he was trained for and whether he has acquired the skills and abilities for which he had gained education. These tests are even conducted on state level; the state conducts performance assessment tests to check how well individual students are performing at the state level. Teachers are even experiencing immense pressure from these tests, teachers are focusing their teaching methods and syllabus according to these tests, and these tests are used to rank different educational institutes. These tests have even changed the teaching system, for example: previously educational centers used to base their teaching criteria on multiple choice tests and they used to assign less writing tasks to students, but now more writing tasks are assi gned to students so students can compete well in writing performance assessment tests. These tests even benefits the teachers as these teachers experience development themselves, they are involved in the creation of these tests and the marking and the ranking systems designed for these tests. John O’

Examine and explain the connection, both political and social, between Essay

Examine and explain the connection, both political and social, between American territorial expansion and the issue of slavery - Essay Example On the other hand, slavery affected the social development of the Americans greatly, most individuals affected were Africans, and thus slavery brought up many consequences. Generally, slavery is one of the consequences of the territorial expansion that the Americans aimed at when wedging the war against France and Britain. The main intention of the America was to stop the two countries, France and Britain, from disrespecting their territory and rights. Therefore, the war against France and Britain has resulted in the political and social development of America. After Madison came into power, he decided to declare war against the Great Britain from France and Britain had refused to respect America’s rights. The American Revolution started 29 years before the United States of America wedged war with the Great Britain (DBQ #7, DOC. #7). The Americas leaders kept quiet for a long time but France and Britain kept on stopping and seizing Americans ships and cargos, and kidnapped the American sailors. This articulated the American leaders, especially Madison, who came later into power, to declare war against them because he wanted them to respect the rights on the high seas. The Foreign Relations Committee of the House of Representatives of the United States gave a report on the widening conflict of the United States against France and Britain (From Annals of the Congress of the United States, Twelfth Congress). The report indicated that the United States claimed their right to the use of the ocean for transporting their vessels, their product, and in the acquisition of the raw materials for their industry (DBQ #7. Doc.1). Following the speech presented by John Randolph of Virginia, one of the congressman, he stated that when the people go to war they do should not just go to fight for the maritime rights but for farmland since the Gentlemen from the North have been instructed to go to the land (DBQ #7. Doc.3). Therefore, president Madison had at last to declar e the war against France and Britain since they had complained but the two countries did not take any actions towards their complaints. President Madison declared that they behold the war against the Great Britain for withholding their vessels from lawful destinations and for not taking any actions on the victims of lawless violence (DBQ #7. Doc.4). On the other hand, slavery affected the social development of the Americans greatly, most individuals affected were Africans, and thus slavery brought up many consequences. Slavery in America started during the revolution of the America (Lord Dunmore’s proclamation, Virginia, 1775). Lord Dunmore continued to state that he requires people who are capable to bear arms to join his army or they will become the traitors to his government (DBQ #9. Doc.1). Most Africans became victims of slavery. Slavery resulted in deprivation of Africans to enjoy the profits of their labor and they were denied to inherit property from their parents as the white people did. The black people were denied the right to vote as the rest yet they were supposed to enter the defense force. The slaves had the determination to be free one day. According to the Letter to ministers from the Vermont Colonization Society, 1820, slaves had a right to be free and the society owned the colony of Liberia for harboring slaves (DBQ# 9. Doc.10). The African Americans also received harsh slavery treatment and as a result some of the African American citizen like Prince

Ethics in the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics in the Media - Essay Example The concept of free speech and freedom of the press is therefore the glue that holds the country’s hard-fought-for freedoms intact. Political correctness is a term used to refer to the care in speaking that emerged in the 70s, gained strength in the 80s and remains an important topic in media relations today. When it first started being used, â€Å"Folks on the left used the term to dismiss views that were seen as too rigid and, also, to poke fun at themselves for the immense care they took to neither say nor do anything that might offend the political sensibilities of others† (Bliefuss, 2007). This half-joking sense of sensitivity in communication has since blown up into a very serious threat to our rights of free speech and free media. When considering whether we truly want political correctness as a guiding principle in our media, it is important that we take the time to more definitively define the term and its application. The importance of free speech and free media is highlighted in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which states â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.† (â€Å"The Constitution†, 2006). The Founding Fathers of America considered a free press one of, if not the most, important aspects in the formation of a free and democratic society. A great deal of their emphasis on this point stemmed from their perception that the media channels that then existed in England, after whom they patterned much of their legal code, was rigidly censored. Journalists who questioned the King’s decisions were often jailed or worse. The Founders knew that if the press were not free, the country would not be either.

Junot Diaz Bio Essay Example for Free

Junot Diaz Bio Essay Lent DDS was born In the Dominican Republic and raised New Jersey. He Is a creative writing teacher at MIT and fiction editor at the Boston Review. He also serves on the board of advisers for the Freedom university, a Volunteer organization in Georgia that provides post-secondary instruction to undocumented immigrants. From what I have read I have gathered that he really had to rely on himself. Getting him through college working the Jobs where you have to do the dirty work, dishes, and pumping-gas. Supposedly Drown reflects Diazs strained relationship with his own father, with whom he no longer keeps in contact with. Diaz was born in Villa Juana, a neighborhood in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. He was the third child in a family of five. Through most of his childhood he lived with his mother and grandparents while his father worked in the united States. Diaz emigrated to Parlin, New Jersey, in December of 1974, where he was able to reunite with his father. He lived close to what he considered one of the largest landfills in New Jersey. His short fiction has appeared In The New Yorker magazine, which listed him as one of the 20 top writers for the 21st He has also been published in Story, The Paris Review, and in the anthologies The Best American Short Stories four times (1996, 1997, 1999, 2000), The PEWO. Henry prize stones (2009), and African voices. He s best known for his two major works: the short story collection Drown (1996) and the novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007). 80th were published to critical acclaim and he won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the latter. Diaz himself has described his writing style as a disobedient child of New Jersey and the Dominican Republic If that can be possibly Imagined with way too much Diaz has received a Eugene McDermott Award, a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, a Lila Acheson Wallace Readers Digest Award, the 2002 PEN/Malamud Award, the 2003 us-Japan Creative Artist Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, a fellowship at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard university and the Rome Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He was selected as one of the 39 most important Latin American writers under the age of 39 by the Bogota World Book Capital and the Hay Festival. [18] In September 2007, Miramax acquired the rights for a film adaptation of The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. [19] The stories in Drown ocus on the teenage narrators impoverished, fatherless youth in the Dominican Republic and his struggle adapting to his new life in New Jersey. Reviews were generally strong but not without complaints. 20] Diaz read twice for PRIs This American Life

Cholesterol Reducing Effects of Lactobacillus Spp

Cholesterol Reducing Effects of Lactobacillus Spp CHOLESTEROL REDUCING EFFECTS OF Lactobacillus spp. ISOLATED FROM BREAST MILK OF LACTATION MOTHER. SUHANIS NADIA BINTI SALLEH CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the study Cholesterol is the precursor of primary bile salts formed in the liver and store as conjugated bile salts in gall bladder to be release in digestive tract. (Corzo Gilliland, 1999). Lipid and cholesterol rich food intake act as the main factor in increasing of heart disease (Anandharaj Sivasankari, 2014). Thus, it is important to reduce cholesterol as prevention to cardiovascular disease. (Yildiz et. al, 2011). Even though pharmaceutical agent or therapy exists for hypercholesterolemia treatments, they are expensive and may produce side effect. (Schuster, 2004). Due to the reason, non pharmaceutical approaches which yield cholesterol reduction were examined and probiotics are one of several approaches that have been used (Anandharaj Sivasankari, 2014). Problem statement 1.3 Research Objective 1.3.1 General objective To investigate the cholesterol reducing property of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of lactation mother . 1.3.2Specific objective 1.3.2.1 To isolate Lactobacillus spp. from breast milk of lactation mother. 1.3.2.2 To identify Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of lactation mother. 1.3.2.3 To determine cholesterol reducing property of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of lactation mother. Research hypothesis 1.4.1 Study hypothesis There is significant difference between Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of different lactation mother on its cholesterol reducing property. 1.4.2 Null hypothesis There is no significant difference between Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of lactation mother on its cholesterol reducing property. 1.5 Scope and limitation of the study This study focusing on identification of bacteria and its properties and includes molecular technique. The scope of this study involves both phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Some limitations arise in this study. The cholesterol reduction assay which will be done in vitro to mimic the in vivo mechanism may not be totally similar with in vivo environment. 1.6 Significant of study Breast milk is a possible source of Lactobacillus strains but there are only few studies done on isolation of probiotic from human’s milk. (Anandharaj Sivasankari , 2014 ; Martin et al., 2004). The reliability of cholesterol reduction by using probiotics for hypercholesterolemia treatments have gain increase of interest. (Jones et al. 2004 ; Lim et al. 2004). Even so, the findings are more on lactic acid bacteria strains among Western origin subject (Yildiz et al. 2011). Different result may be obtained from other population subject and this study may enhance the finding of probiotic strains that capable in cholesterol assimilation. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Proposed methodology (Descriptive) Ethical issues Study area The study will be conducted in the final year research laboratory of microbiology section at UiTM Puncak Alam. Most of the experiments will be conducted at the laboratory except for sequencing which will be send away. Sample collection is done outside the study area and will be store in the laboratory storage section. Sample collection Breast milk sample will be collected from volunteers in sterile container. Prior to collection, the breast is clean with sterile water and apply with chlorexidine to remove other normal flora. The sample will be store on ice until delivery to the laboratory. The sample will then stored in -80oC if not directly use or for further use. For storage, the sample will previously transfer into several small vials to avoid multiple freeze and thaw. Isolation of Lactobacillus spp. 1ml of breast milk sample is transfer into 9ml of sterile saline (0.85% sodium chloride). The dilute samples will be plate on Man Ragosa Sharpe, MRS medium. The plate is incubate at 37oC for 24 to 48 hour in anaerobic condition. Identification of Lactobacillus spp. Isolated Lactobacillus spp. will be confirm based on growth on MRS medium, colony morphology, Gram staining, and catalase reaction. The isolated colony will be proceed with subculture to obtain pure culture. Further species identification will be performed by carbohydrate fermentation pattern using API 50 CHL test strip. The result is analyze using API LABTM PLUS software. MRS broth medium containing 20% glycerol is use to preserve the pure cultures and store at -80oC. PCR amplification of 16S rDNA and sequencing Modified method of Smoker and Barnum (1988) will be conducted for DNA isolation. The 16S rDNA will then amplify in thermocycler by 30 cycles which include denaturation at 940C for 30s, annealing at 56oC for 30s and elongation at 720C. The PCR result will be separated on gel electrophoresis to check for the purity and of the amplicon. The amplified rDNA will be purified with PCR purification kit and send for sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis Cholesterol reducing assay Statistical analysis The data will be collected in triplicate and will be analysed by SPSS software. Data will be expressed as mean and standard deviation. One way ANOVA test with significance level p Proposed methodology (Flow chart) 5.0 Expected outcomes For isolation and identification of Lactobacillus spp., various species may be identified. Generally, they are expected to be catalase negative, gram positive, rods or cocci. Results on API 50 CHL will confirm the specific species. In PCR amplification, there will be presence of bands of specific base pair for Lactobacillus spp. after the amplicons separated on the agarose gel. As for cholesterol reducing assay, there will be species which show cholesterol reducing property and the species with the most significant reduction of cholesterol will be identified. 6.0 Financial implications 7.0 Ganntt chart Work plan 2014 (September December) Work plan 2015 (March July) Work plan 2015 (March June)

Grendel :: essays research papers fc

The clash between good and evil has been a prominent theme in literature. The Bible presents the conflict between good and evil in the story of Adam and Eve. Many authors use the scene in the Bible in which the snake taunts and tempts Adam and Eve to take a bite of the apple of knowledge to demonstrate the frailty of humankind. John Gardner provides these same biblical allusions of good and evil in his novel, Grendel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Grendel’s archenemies is the human. Humans refuse to look beyond Grendel’s unattractive exterior, and spend most of their days trying to kill Grendel. One night when Grendel is watching their mead hall, he sees them â€Å"treating their sword-blades with snake’s venom†(Gardner 29). Another conflict between humans and serpents develops when Grendel is watching the Shaper for the first time. As he listens, he â€Å"snatche[s] up a snake from beside [his] foot†(40), and holds it in his fist as he listens to the Shaper sing. The snake represents the deceptive weaving of history that the Shaper performs in Hrothgar’s mead hall. Grendel interacts with one of the priests, Ork, in the circle of Gods, by pretending to be the Great Destroyer. Ork predicts that the Great Destroyer will eventually fall, foreshadowing Grendel’s battle with Beowulf. Ork tells his fellow priests about his conversation with the Great Destroy er, but they just â€Å"look down at him as they would at a wounded snake†(118). In Grendel’s eyes, all humans are evil, because they refuse to take the time to understand him. Because of this, Grendel battles the humans throughout the novel until one of them finally takes his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The only human brave and strong enough to defeat Grendel was the powerful Geat, Beowulf. Grendel watches Beowulf and his band of Geats land their ships on the shores of Hrothgar’s kingdom. Grendel observes Beowulf speaking to the coastguard, and notices that Beowulf’s eyes are â€Å"slanted downward, never blinking, unfeeling as a snake’s†(135). Grendel’s observations about Beowulf’s destructiveness are proven true as he engages in mortal combat with the Geat. When Beowulf takes hold of Grendel’s arm, Grendel feels as if Beowulf’s â€Å"fingers are charged like fangs with poison†(148).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After this battle, Grendel’s arm is pulled off at the socket, and he retreats to his cave to die.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another human that attempted to defeat Grendel was the top man in Hrothgar’s hall, Unferth. During Grendel’s first encounter with Unferth, Grendel notices a â€Å"table piled with glossy apples†¦[and] an evil idea came over [him]† (72).

Technological Development

The primary purpose off gas mask is to prevent deadly gases or poisonous material from accessing the lungs and attacking the person. It does not deliver its own oxygen supply, but cleans out the particles. They can also shield the face from any interaction poisons or gases. Machine Guns:Until the machine gun was created, we only had rifles which was slow. You could only shoot one bullet at a time and then you had to load another bullet into the chamber using the bolt. When you used the bolt, it would refuse the consumed container shell and load the next one into the chamber. This had to be done for every shot fired, and was cumbersome and took time. The machine gun is designed to shoot continuously hundreds of ammunitions per minute. The outcome it had been was to execute a lot of soldiers and far more than ever could be killed by soldiers equipped with rifles.An additional thing that help making the machine gun so effective was with the way the soldiers were trained to bring attack on the target. All of them would run toward the waves. This was in effect means when the adversary was only armed with rifles where you had to aim to shoot the enemy. But, when an army of running men encountered machine guns they were trimmed down effortlessly. These particular firepower might even have even played a part of bringing the war to an end. Telephone: The aim of the harmonic telegraph is to perceptibly connect with people ho are without reach straightaway.Before the telephone, long distance messages were through telegraph machines that were less efficient and took longer to get messages across because only dots and dashes at the time could be communicated. Telephones are predominantly used for fast communication and crises. The vital thing to medical survival in many bad conditions is for the wounded person to get medical assistance quickly. Back then before when the telephone wasn't invented, it was hard for people to get assistance quickly. Telephones allow for rapid i mmunization during normal catastrophes as well.That way it is likely for the government to give warning to people of imminent disaster before they come. The telephone also has the function of easy conversation in average day's circumstances like calling to order items such as pies, cabs, pizza or flowers. People may talk in an ordinary way to discuss their lives Just as they would if they were at the same places. Radio: radio came out when televisions didn't exist, but it was used in a similar function as we use a TV currently, like being attentive to comedy shows and music.When the TV was created, the radio lost its fame and popularity as a result of folks favored the TV more. However, radios were convenient that they became mainly used primarily for music shows and speaking. And, that their purpose nowadays. In today's world radio is free and this is a good thing because we are usually paying for some sort of entertainment. Moreover, if you are driving you can turn on the radio an d get updated news on traffic Jams or being on the lookout and music that you can enjoy while driving.

My Father’s Life by Raymond Carver Essay

The last paragraph of this essay is my favorite by far, â€Å"†¦in their beautiful voices out of my childhood. Raymond. † The author of this story made it so tangible the dislike Raymond Jr. had for his birth name that it felt like a true revelation when the character finally embraced it. To hear his father’s name echo as his own name and to enjoy it leaves the reader with the same sense of happiness. The author of this essay has such a grasp on the lives and senses of a lower class worker that he surely must have experienced it in his childhood. It doesn’t surprise me to find out that his father worked at a saw-mill. That type of gritty upbringing must leave an indelible mark on your psyche. This mark was clearly a reservoir from which to pull deep and meaningful prose that truly paints a picture in the mind of someone who lacks those same experiences. This essay tells the story of a boy who liked his father more than most. This boy even liked his father, very possibly, more than his mother. It also tells how perceptive the boy and, later on, man were. This Raymond Jr. recognized the weaknesses of his father and still fell into the same traps himself. This essay taught me much about the depression era environment that the main character’s father, Clevie Raymond Carver, grew up in. His father rode on boxcards and pickled apples to get by. He also was able to set aside money to buy a car. I never imagined an environment where a day laborer would have the excess income to set aside spare change. In this modern age of paycheck to paycheck living that is truly an amazing feat. If the author was able to expand on his writings to fulfill a request of mine I would prefer to hear more about his father’s life before marriage. His father clearly had faults but what drove him into that personality. The character’s father was an alcoholic but still strived to better the life of his family. I’d like to know why.

To what extent is the car club proposal an appropriate extension strategy for First Cars Plc

The main reason why First Cars Plc. should adopt this Car Club proposal is due to the current market position of the firm. The firm’s current market share (in the car rental market) is decreasing due to a leading budget airline offering car rental services to its passengers. The new proposal to target the ‘Car Club’ market would be very beneficial to First Cars as this market is experiencing rapid growth due to the ever rising costs of car ownership (predicted to rise by 20% in the period 2010-14). Early entrance to this market could present an excellent chance to accumulate market share within a market which currently does not have much competition, and with the 2012 Olympic Games just around the corner, this could not have come at a better time. Whereas the current car rental side of the company is losing market share, the Car Club market is predicted to do nothing but grow in size (110% in volume and 300% in value) in the period 2010-14, meaning that this decis ion could be the difference between a profitable & growing business, and a failing one. Another reason why First Cars Plc. should adopt this proposal is because of a grant from the Mayor of London. This  £1.5m grant is for the creation of car club bays within the inner-city area of London (the main area being considered for the scheme), and would potentially reduce the costs of setting up the infrastructure for the Car Club scheme to operate. This would have a great impact on the business as one of the main costs to this scheme would be adequate parking within the area. The fact that the grant is from the Mayor of London will also generate publicity for the company, which is always a good thing. Finally, this is suggested as a pilot scheme. In the unlikely event that this scheme does not prove successful, First Cars Plc. can always fall back on their existing services, although they will be in a large amount of debt. One reason against the plan is the financial implications for the firm. The training budget for the Car Club is  £400,000, over 10 times more that their current spend on training. The budget for marketing is three times the size, and the average staff salary is predicted to rise by around  £10,000. When considering these figures one has to question the feasibility of this scheme. This is a large outlay for a ‘pilot’ scheme and the company has ‘limited financial reserves’. This scheme would also fall within the ‘New Product Development’ area of Ansoff’s matrix, an area with a large amount of risk. The plan also suggests that management should operate in a decentralised manner. This means that instead of a couple of senior managers being responsible for the whole company, control is spread across a larger number of employees. This is a different method to their current centralised management style and means that the senior managers currently in control of the company would lose part their control of the business. As the company is new to this management style, it is quite risky. Poor decisions could be made by inexperienced staff and could lead to disaster. The case study also states that Amy is ‘keen to make a big impact within the business quickly’. Does this mean that she has rushed these plans in order to achieve this? Has she doctored the figures in order to progress the scheme forward and impress her superiors? This could mean that the business is moving into a new market based on data which is not even correct. Overall I do not think that First Cars Plc. should adopt the Car Club Proposal. The idea looked initially promising; an emerging market which is predicted to grow by 300% in value, with little competition at present. These suggestions are all around figures that Amy has put together however. Without the knowledge that Amy may be biased with her predictions, this would appear to be a very good proposal. However, the depth and accuracy of the plan is vital to ensure the success of the business and as this has been brought into question, I would have to say that I do not recommend that First Cars Plc. should progress any further with this proposal until at least this data has been checked and agreed by the directors.

Rise and Fall of Civilizations During Pre-History to 1500 CE Research Paper

Rise and Fall of Civilizations During Pre-History to 1500 CE - Research Paper Example The current socio-political status-quo is said to be the continuation of the previous political world order. This paper aims to discuss the rise and fall of different civilizations and how the acted as a base to shape the contemporary political practices. The civilizations which have been chosen for the purpose of discussion in the paper are chosen on the basis of their impact on political contribution. Byzantine Empire Contribution to Political Diplomacy: Byzantine Empire was basically a facet of the Roman Empire during middle Ages. Likewise other civilizations, the Byzantine Empire had its own army and societal setup. Byzantine Empire had to face a number of challenges as the demise of the Roman Empire in its initial phase was noted. The era of Byzantine Empire can also be referred to an era of preservation of Roman traditions and values. The employment of diplomacy was concerned as significant in the era of Byzantine Empire. It can be said that most of the modern practices in the political diplomacy are inspired by the Byzantine Empire1. ... on made to the modern political practices of diplomacy, the Byzantine Empire ultimately led to its dissolution in the long run2 Anglo-Saxon Empire Contribution to Democracy: By going through the history of the Anglo-Saxon Empire, it becomes easy to understand that common language and the control of the ancestors on the tradition of a community can create a balance in the community. The political control was bestowed to the ancestors of the civilization as they were considered as the teachers of the forerunners. The Anglo-Saxon Empire is basically referred to the German invaders who invaded British during the 5th century. The contribution of the Anglo-Saxons on the modern political practice was their tradition of following meetings and discussion. This act of discussing any political action is considered as democratic act in the modern time. The political order in the era of Anglo-Saxons was stable and able to meet the needs of its people which ultimately led in increased loyalty from the people. It would not be incorrect to state that Anglo-Saxons could not survive for a very long period of time in Britain because they were divided into groups which fought frequently. The increased fights between these invader groups resulted in the fall of the civilization. Despite the interest of the civilization in maintaining army, Anglo-Saxons lost because of its own armed men3 Ottoman Empire Contribution to Bureaucratic Structures: Among different civilizations, Ottoman Empire is considered to be an Empire which lasted longer than any other Empire in the history. This Empire was also known as Turkish Empire which had its own supremacy in terms of monarch. The political control in the Ottoman Empire was strictly liable to the monarchs. The Empire is also known as a symbol of

Introduction to Accounting and finance -- Economics, Finance and Assignment - 1

Introduction to Accounting and finance -- Economics, Finance and Management - Assignment Example The expenses of the company increases and company may not have enough cash available to meet its expenses. Therefore, the cash deficit is met by bank overdraft which affects company’s liquidity position. Company should not make all the sales and purchases on credit. It should choose a fair combination of cash and credit sales/purchases so that, company’s receivables and payables don’t reach peak levels. It is probably not possible to collect the total amount of credit sales. Some amount of credit sales turns into bad debt expense which can’t be recovered. Company should allocate small percentage of sales to bad debts. Cash is what keeps the business functioning. Company requires cash on hand to pay for its operating, investing and financing expenses. The amount of cash available/deficit is calculated by cash flow statement. Hisrich, Peter & Shepherd states that â€Å"Cash flow results from the difference between actual cash receipts and cash payments† (1998:p.297). The difference between cash flow statement and profit statement is that cash flow doesn’t consider payment of non-cash expenses, payment of loan principal and withdrawals. (Rosemary, 2010) Profits are generated by subtracting operating expenses from sales and it is calculated through income statement. Income statement tells about the total sales made during the year whether or not sales receipts are collected or not. In June, Hidetoseek Ltd. is incurring profit but its cash flow is negative which shows that company’s expenses are greater than receipts. Therefore, it should use bank overdraft to meet its expenses. If retained earnings are used, the liquidity position of the company is badly affected. The cash reserves of company decreases which means that if the company wants to pay for its debts or incur some capital expenses, it will not be able to raise significant funds through its reserves. An overdraft occurs when

A Review of Immidration Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Review of Immidration Policy - Research Paper Example America is affected by immigration and is the state with the largest number of immigrants. The government is working in outlining guiding principles that will control the immigration in the country. Immigration has both negatively and positively affected the country. America’s immigration policies are created to control the number of individuals coming in and out of the country. Immigration Preemption, Federal Plenary Power, Employer sanctions on Immigration and E-Verify are four subjects that highlight immigration policy in America. Immigration Preemption The problems regarding America’s immigration policy engage in criminalizing of immigration laws to dispirit the illegal passage of the boundary without the states permission. Immigrants in America that are unlawfully staying will face judgment for unlawfully existing in the country. The creation of the acts and laws are to discourage the individuals who are not documented and to stay in the country. It is predicted th at few states and local immigration policies will be preempted by INA. The state governments are allowed to determine whether a person is lawfully or unlawfully allowed in the country by the second provision of SB 1070. Exclusionary immigration laws were difficult to find the unlawful settler in America. Arizona laws use state and local officials such as local police administrator to search and hunt down the illegal immigrants. The state laws are using discriminatory way of making laws aim at the immigrants crossing the border. The conflict between the federal and state law is because of the effectiveness it has in regulating the undocumented settler. The state and localities are given the ability to suspend and arrest employers that employ the immigrant workers. The increasing problem that exists between the federal and state laws is because of nationalization clause and states. Laws that interfere and conflict with the federal immigration regulations and policies are under preempt ion doctrine. Hence, the challenges facing the two authoritative groups are caused on the effectiveness it has in controlling the illegal immigration. The constitution does not go into detail in distinguishing the federal and state laws in defining the laws. Immigration in America has raised many debates that concern the security and populace of the country (McKanders, 2011). State law that interferes with the constitution is not imposed in regulating illegal migration in the country. Federal law is capable to preempt the state law when it is necessary by the following steps; through obscuring clash preemption, articulating preemption, and obscuring turf preemption. Federal immigration and state laws find it difficult in defining the immigrant’s employment. The state of law has the responsibility in ruling the housing and service for the aliens. The government and the constitution explain and try to solve the conflicts between the federal and state laws. There are policies th at are formed to guide immigration of people across the border in America. The problems faced by the state, and the immigrants are watched out and solved by the federal. State laws are faced with the threat of being preempt. Immigration emphasizes also in overturning the state and federal laws. The congress was not allowed to replace and remove the state law from issuing out guidelines for immigrants in the city. Federal Plenary Power Federal law has matured from a foreign policy into